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https://www.senzeal.com/blog/select-a-substrate-for-your-turtle-fish-tank-b0536.html

Substrates are things that cover the bottom of a container or habitat, and there are many different opinions about what is the best and worst substrate.
First, unless you plan to use live plants, there is no reason to provide a substrate for the most popular aquatic turtles such as slippery and colorful turtles. The glass bottom is the easiest to clean and eliminates the possibility that your turtle will eat the bottom and get injured (sometimes it does happen).
Another easy way to clean is to use large, flat stones. Remember to cook them first to kill algae or bacteria.
If you plan to use live plants (except floating plants), or you just want a substrate because you think it looks beautiful or creates a more natural environment, then you have a few options.
Fine sand is a popular substrate that many turtle lovers like. Even if you often vacuum, it is difficult to keep clean. The only reason to use sand is if you are keeping turtles that burrow in the sand, this is their natural habit, such as soft-shell turtles. Many other turtle breeders may think that sand is a substrate that is easy to clean.
If you choose to use sand, use clean, fine sand (just like the sand in the sandbox they sell to children), and clean it thoroughly before putting it in the sink. Once the habitat is established, you must also clean it very frequently, otherwise, a bag of manure and debris will make your entire fish tank big and smelly.
Aquatic gravel is not a good plant substrate because it has low or no nutritional value for plants. In addition, turtles sometimes eat gravel; so, unless it is very smooth and the meat is too large for the turtle to eat, it is not worth the risk. Don't forget to prepare a fish gravel cleaner.
Fluorite. Flour is the best choice for growing turtles. Fluorite is porous clay gravel designed to grow aquariums. This is a good plant root medium, it looks natural and attractive, and turtles do not eat it. However, when you fill the water tank for the first time, it will make the water look like mud. Let the dust settle, then let the filter run for a few days, except for the fish tank filter floss or polyester pillow packing (basically the same thing, just cheaper). It usually takes a day or two, after several floss changes, the water will be clear.
Broken coral. If you plan to raise saltwater or saltwater turtles, then broken coral is another good option. If the pH value of the tap water in the place where you live is always very low, it can also be used as a part of the substrate for freshwater habitats (ie mixed with another substrate). This calcium will be filtered out of the coral, raising the pH of the water, while helping to buffer and make the future pH more stable. However, for rooted plants, broken coral is not a good substrate.
You can also use crushed coral as a filter medium to improve the low pH situation, which is usually better than mixing it with the substrate, especially when the low pH problem is temporary. Changing the filter material is easier than changing the substrate.
Other things you need
In addition to the above, there are other accessories you need to heat water for your turtle habitat, like a heater (or better still, two heaters in case one stops working), a water thermometer for fish tanks to measure the temperature, stand to Add them to the tank or habitat, lights and one.
Before setting up your turtle habitat, remember: this is a hobby, so it should be fun. Take a moment to build a habitat that your turtle will love and you will be proud of.
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